Rise of the Civil Rights Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rise of the Civil Rights Movement - Essay Example Tindall and Shi (pp. 45-69) mention that this modern movement also had significant twentieth-century roots with the pre-World War I founding of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and The National Urban League; the Marcus Garvey "Back to Africa Movement" in the 1920s; President Franklin Roosevelt's 1941 executive order to prohibit discrimination in federal employment (as a result of pressure by A. Philip Randolph of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters—the largest black labor union); the formation of CORE (Congress of Racial Equality) by James Farmer in 1943; President Harry Truman's executive order to desegregate the armed services in 1948; and Thurgood Marshall's successful argument of the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas case (1954) before the U.S. Supreme Court to incorporate public schools. This landmark case overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), which had declared that separate facilities were equal, a judicial endorseme nt of Jim Crow laws. In reversing Plessy, Brown stated that "separate was not equal" and made a full circle back to the 14th Amendment on which Marshall's argument heavily depended.Combine this rich historical context with the immediate sense of horror in the black community over the murder of teenager Emmett Till in the summer of 1955 in Mississippi and one can see how Rosa Parks, often called the Mother of the Civil Rights Movement, was ready and willing to deny her seat to a white man on December 1, 1955, in Montgomery, Alabama. The courageous act of this black seamstress from Montgomery gave birth to the Montgomery Improvement Association that, in turn, sponsored the year-long Montgomery Bus Boycott (December 1955 to December 1956), which saw, as well, the emergence of a new black leader, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. For all intents and purposes, that year ignited the new civil rights movement and became a turning point in American history (Garrow, pp. 78-89). Who were the Major Leaders and What Strategies did they employ Soon after the success of this boycott, in 1957, several civil rights leaders including King, Ralph Abernathy, Bayard Rustin, Ella Baker, Harris and Clare Wofford, and Stanley Levison formed the Southern Negro Conference on Transportation and Nonviolent Integration with the primary purpose of integrating buses. The name was soon changed to Southern Negro Leaders Conference and, to be as clear as possible about its source and expanding mission, it received its final designation as Southern Christian Leadership Conference-the SCLC became the virtual center of the movement, and its first president, Dr. King, was the heart of that center. Upon King's death, the mantle of leadership was passed to Abernathy, King's close friend and associate. After a decade with Abernathy at the head, SCLC became a weaker organization and lost its effective voice. In 1977 Joseph Lowery, a Methodist, took the reins and for the next twenty years returned the SCLC to it original vibrant witness for civil righ ts.

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Operations Management - Essay Example Question 1 (b): When profit calculation is being done, it is important to take account of fixed costs especially when using TOC based initiatives. The concept of TOC relies on three most important elements i.e. Inventory, Operating expenses and Throughput (Choe and Herman, 2004 and Herroelen and Leus, 2005); all these three aspects need to be carefully monitored so that the production processes are enhanced and the output level of the organization increases. Throughput is described as sales revenue minus total variable costs; Inventory is defined as the amount of total money invested in the business which can be or is to be sold; and Operating expense is the amount of all non-variable costs that are associated in converting inventory into throughput. It is evident from the explanation of the three important elements of TOC based initiative that both types of costs are important when calculating the profit. The real profit amount is that one which is retained by the business after it covers its fixed and variable costs. From the table given in Question 1(a), it can be concluded that Fixed costs are important when calculating Net Income as it is the profit that is left when all the expenses are paid off by the company. The main fixed costs for any manufacturing concern like Hi-Fidelity Ltd. is the machinery that is used in the production processes and its cost needs to keep at a minimal level. Fixed cost constitute majority share of the cost and that is why it needs to be kept constant; if not constant, then it should not increase at an accelerating rate as well. Hence, in TOC based initiative, Fixed costs are the crucial part of profit calculation as they help in determining the Return on Sales so that the company can decide abou t the increase in sales required so that it is able to earn high Net Income in the long-run. Question 1 (c): It has been revealed by the studies of Bhardwaj, Gupta and Kanda (2010) and Godratt Institute (2009b) that the organizations that implement the concept of TOC require less time for initial improvement phase than that required in both lean management and six sigma methods. TOC concept allows the organizations to focus on one area in one time whereas the other continuous improvement processes require the professionals to keep on monitoring the systems to identify issues in other areas and they necessitate the need of continuous up gradation of the systems as well. The major benefit gained from the application of TOC based initiatives is that they manage the variations effectively rather than reduce them which differentiates TOC from lean and six sigma. TOC helps the organizations in saving time and managing the complete execution process properly. Since the main aim of the conc ept is to identify the constraint that is creating problem in the company’s production process, the next step is to resolve it so that the variation can be managed. The best aspect of TOC concept is that it follows a systematic approach which can be described as follows: 1. Identifying the starting conditions of the