Tourism and Travel

Question: Discuss about the Tourism and Travel. Answer: Demand For Cruise: Cruise Passenger Behavior, Motivation and Experiences Literature Review According to Petrick, Li and Park (2007), in current, the demand of cruise travel is increasing on the regular basis. People are preferring cruise travel in place of any other source of travel. Along with this, there are numerous reasons that people choose cruise travel. For case, the main reason behind it is that they choose cruise to enjoy their holidays and vacations in a perfect way. On the other hand, as per the cruise lover, this is a hassle-free vacation. It is because of there is no need to pack and unpack suitcases again and again. A cruise offers all the facilities and services that people want to enjoy their holidays (Petrick, Li and Park, 2007). Moreover, if people are on a cruise then there is no need to look for hotel and food. The cruise experience reduces major concerns stress of people, and also maximizes their real vacation time. In the words of Elliott and Choi (2011), a cruise takes away the people from the world. They do not have anxiety about the pollution, traffic, blinking computers, alarm clocks, and so on. A cruise travel is all about the water, sky, and landscape. Moreover, by choosing cruise travel, people can feel nature in-depth. People can enjoy all the things that are rare in their everyday life. Along with this, a cruise offers a wide variety of events as well as activities and also gives romantic experiences to couples. A cruise also offers a safe travel experience and also satisfies needs of people (Elliott and Choi, 2011). Moreover, it should be noted down that, all these things have been increased the popularity of a cruise holiday among people. Apart from this, Douglas and Douglas (2004) state that a cruise travel is not affordable by all the people. The people who have high household income can choose a cruise for the holidays. Moreover, couples who are newly married also prefer a cruise for their honeymoons. The main reason behind it is that a cruise offers romantic experiences and also develops new energy into the relationships. In addition to this, people who have higher education attainment levels also choose a cruise to be relaxed and to enjoy their holidays. Also, the people who have a high level of satisfactions with their previous cruise experiences prefer a cruise holiday (Douglas and Douglas, 2004). In addition, people who are highly influenced by multiple sources such as: cruise websites, destination websites, spouses, etc. also wish a cruise holiday. Apart from this, in the words of Vogel, Papathanassis and Wolber (2012), there are lots of people who do not choose a cruise holiday. There are numerous reasons behind this. For case, the major reason is that they have fear of to be out of contact with their family, friend and the world. Some other people have sea sickness and cannot choose a cruise to travel. Along with this, fear of boredom, confinement, regimentation, and to be out of sight of land are the other reason that is why people do not choose a cruise holiday. In addition to this, due to unaffordable cruise prices and fear related to safety, most of the people do not choose a cruise in order to enjoy their holidays (Vogel, Papathanassis and Wolber, 2012). The author Yarnal (2004) states that there are numerous types of passengers ships such as: cruise ship, ferry, cargo ship, ocean liner, and so on. Apart from this, it should also be noted down that cruise passengers behave differently on different types of ships. For case, people mostly choose cruise ships in order to enjoy long-term vacation and trips in a proper way. Moreover, a cruise ship provides five star restaurants facilities and services to people that they like to have during a vacation. People prefer ferries for their short vacation or trips. People prefer ocean liner at what time if they want to make their birthdays, marriage anniversaries, and other important days memorable for the whole life. The reason to choose an ocean liner is that it can provide accommodation to hundreds or thousands of passengers at once (Yarnal, 2004). For that reason, it can be said that, the passengers choose a cruise travel according to their needs and preferences. The behaviors of passengers may vary from one ship to another. The author David Mc (2015) expresses that the cruise experiences of people are changing the demand of cruise travel. It is because of people share their cruise feelings and experiences with their family, friends, and relatives. They also motivate them to enjoy a cruise travel at least once in their life. Along with this, people also express their views, thoughts, and perceptions about the cruise travel. They also explain that there is no need to have any fear because of cruise travels is very safe. Cruise experienced people give advice the other people that if they want to live away from the pollution, noises, and boring life then they must choose a cruise holiday. The cruise trip will connect them with the nature and they will enjoy a lot (David Mc, 2015). In this way, due to the mouth publicity of cruise experienced people, the demand of cruise travel is increasing day by day. In the same manner, in the views of Gibson (2012), in current, modern cruises provide all the luxury facilities and amenities to the passengers. Moreover, by travelling on the cruises, people feel like that they are living in a five star hotel. If they choose a cruise holiday then they do not need to search hotels to be fresh and relax. The cruises also provide all the entrainment services to the passengers. The modern cruises also provide services like Yoga, Spa, Massage, etc. so they can feel relax and also can enjoy their trips and vacations in a proper way (Jones, 2011). In this way, it can be said that, in current a cruise has become favorite source of travel to the people. The people are choosing a cruise to enjoy their holidays, vacations, and trips in an appropriate way. Itineraries And Impacts: Sustainable Cruise Tourism: Dream Or Reality? Literature Review In the views of Vogel, Papathanassis and Wolber (2012) in current, cruise travel has become a major source of pleasure and enjoyment for the people. It should also be noted down that, the popularity of cruises is also increasing on the regular basis. On the other hand, the sustainable cruise tourism has become the major subject of debate for the people. It is because of some people believes that sustainable cruise tourism is only dream and it does not exist in real. In opposite to this, other people believe that sustainable cruise tourism is real not a dream. According to the authors, sustainable cruise tourism is real and also a major area of international growth (Johnson, 2002). Cruise tourism holds sustainability principles by focusing on social responsibility, environmental protection, and the integration of tourisms services with the needs preferences of peoples. In addition to this, McCalla and Charlier (2009) state that cruise firms operates their business within natural capacities for the rejuvenation as well as future productivity of resources such as: natural, cultural and social. Moreover, in order to develop sustainability, cruise firms identifies the contribution as well as tourism experience that people and communities has been made in the past. Along with this, cruise firms also believe that these tourism experienced people also have an unbiased share in the economic benefits of tourism. Cruise firms are also making a lot of efforts in order to protect the local environment and to minimize the costs that are linked with being a sustainable cruise destination (Brida and Zapata, 2009). On the other hand, the Sheppard (2010) affirms that cruise firms also adopt as well as implement ethical standards to be more sustainable. They also focus on corporate social responsibilities and also perform these responsibilities for the welfare of en vironment society. Along with this, it is also analyzed that cruise tourism also makes a sub-sector that evaluate, address and scrutinize cultural, socio-economic and environmental aspects in order to get sustainable tourism in an effective and a more comprehensive way (Sheppard, 2010). According to Luck, Maher and Stewart (2013) the cruise industry has some fundamental principles to develop sustainable cruise tourism in an effective and a more comprehensive manner. According to these principles, cruise firms are obliged to create awareness for environmental troubles among the tour operators, cruise tourists, and in the community. Moreover, they are also compelled to improve the infrastructure of the island specially the transportation as well as waste management. They are also liable to follow the current rules regulations to increase the security and safety of passengers. They are also responsible to enhance security for the coral reef. In this way, these principles play a significant role to develop sustainable cruise tourism in an appropriate way (Luck, Maher and Stewart, 2013). For that reason, it can be said that, sustainable cruise tourism exists in actual. The cruise industry focuses on CSR ethical standards and also considers cultural as well as natural f actors to operate their businesses in an effective and an eco-friendly manner. Apart from this, some other researchers are against the realism of sustainable cruise tourism. In the words of Barron and Bartolome Greenwood (2006) sustainable cruise tourism is only dream. There are a lot of reasons behind this. For case, the major reason is that, cruise industry need to follow loads of rules and regulations to be sustainable. On the other hand, cruise firms need to hire experts who can develop and manage sustainability at the workplace and this may increase the costs of the business organizations. Moreover, the firms need to pay their attention on environmental quality and equality in order to develop sustainable cruise tourism. Sustainable cruise tourism has need of the enforcement of an environmental protection between the oceans and marine tourism destinations of words (Barron and Bartolome Greenwood, 2006). For that reason, sustainable cruise tourism development has become a very difficult task for the cruise industry. In addition to this, Sheridan and Teal (2006) also affirm that sustainable cruise tourism is only dream because of sustainable tourism is unfeasible. Cruise firms face a lot of difficulties in order to define and implement sustainable development at the workplace. Along with this, it should also be noted down that, the cruise tourism industry has made loads of efforts to establish green credentials within the broad framework of sustainability. Moreover, the cruise tourism does not have homogenous regulations and laws to protect the environment. In other words, it also can be said that cruise industry has a vast areas of freedom to work in an environmentally dangerous way (Sheridan and Teal, 2006). In this way, the sustainable cruise tourism is still dream for the cruise industry. They also believe the dream sustainable cruise tourism cannot come in true. Along with this, Hritz and Cecil (2008) state that sustainable cruise tourism is fantasy because of the scale of the seas. The main reason behind it is that cruise industry is unable to see the direct environmental impacts within a short time period because of the size of the seas. On the other hand, it should also be noted down that, the magnitude of the seas only causes long-term environmental damages. Moreover, due to the size of new cruise ships, the cruise industry is unable to grab and solve the problem related to environmental damages (Hritz and Cecil, 2008). In this way, it can be said that there are different opinions of researchers on the sustainability of cruise tourism. People are not agreed on the concept of sustainable cruise tourism. Some researchers believe that it is real but other trust that it is only dream. For this reason, they do not have same opinion on this topic. Apart from this, it is also suggested that, in order to develop as well as accomplish sustainable cruise tourism, cruise industry must evaluate, address and monitor environmental, cultural, and socio-economic concerns within the industry. Also, the sustainable cruise tourism is essential for the overall development and success of the business. References Topic: 1 David Mc A. B. (2015). Exploring Cruise Passengers Demographics, Experience, and Satisfaction with Cruising the Western Caribbean. International Journal of Tourism Hospitality Reviews, 1(1), pp.23-31. Douglas, N. and Douglas, N. (2004). The cruise experience: global and regional issues in cruising. Australia: Pearson Education Australia. Elliott, S. and Choi, H.S.C. (2011). Motivational considerations of the new generations of cruising. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 18, pp. 41-47. Gibson, P. (2012). Contemporary Cruise Operations, in Cruise Operations Management: hospitality perspectives. Burlington: Butterworth-Heinemann. Jones, R.V. (2011). Motivations to cruise: an itinerary and cruise experience study. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 18, pp. 30-40. Petrick, J. F., Li, X. and Park, S. (2007). Cruise passengers' decision-making processes. Journal of Travel Tourism Marketing, 23(1), pp. 114. Vogel, M., Papathanassis, A. and Wolber, B. (2012). The Business and Management of Ocean Cruises. UK: CABI. Yarnal, C.M. (2004). 'Missing the Boat? A Playfully Serious Look at a Group Cruise Tour Experience.' Leisure Sciences, 26(4), pp. 349-372. Topic: 2 Barron, P. and Bartolome Greenwood, A. (2006). Issues determining the development of cruise itineraries: a focus on the luxury market, in Tourism in Marine Environments, 3 (2), pp. 89-99. Brida, J.G. and Zapata, S. (2009). Cruise tourism: economic, socio-cultural and environmental impacts. International Journal of Leisure and Tourism Marketing, 1(3), pp.205-226. Hritz, N. and Cecil, A.K. (2008). Investigating the sustainability of cruise tourism: A case study of Key West. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16(2), pp.168-181. Johnson, D. (2002). Environmentally sustainable cruise tourism: a reality check. Marine Policy 26, pp. 261270. Luck, M., Maher, P.T. and Stewart, E.J. (2013). Cruise tourism in polar regions: promoting environmental and social sustainability, Earthscan, London, pages 75-88. McCalla, R.J. and Charlier, J.J. (2009). Round-the-world cruising: a geography created by geography, in Dowling, R.K. (editor) Cruise ship tourism, CABI International Oxforshire, pages 206- 222. Sheppard, V. (2010). Exploring the ethical standards of Alaska cruise ship tourists and the role they inadvertently play in the unsustainable practices of the cruise ship industry, in, pages 75-91. Sheridan, L., and Teal, G. (2006). Fantasy and reality: tourist and local experiences of cruise ship tourism in Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico, in R. K.Dowling, editor, Cruise ship tourism, CABI International, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, pages 315-326. Vogel, M., Papathanassis, A. and Wolber, B. (2012). The Business and Management of Ocean Cruises. UK: CABI.